Hardware-agnostic quantum ML framework with automatic differentiation. Use when training quantum circuits via gradients, building hybrid quantum-classical models, or needing device portability across IBM/Google/Rigetti/IonQ. Best for variational algorithms (VQE, QAOA), quantum neural networks, and integration with PyTorch/JAX/TensorFlow. For hardware-specific optimizations use qiskit (IBM) or cirq (Google); for open quantum systems use qutip.

一种与硬件无关的量子机器学习框架，支持自动微分。适用于通过梯度训练量子电路、构建混合量子-经典模型，或需在IBM/Google/Rigetti/IonQ等设备间实现跨平台兼容的场景。最适合用于变分算法（VQE、QAOA）、量子神经网络，以及与PyTorch/JAX/TensorFlow的集成。如需针对特定硬件的优化，请使用Qiskit（IBM）或Cirq（Google）；如需处理开放量子系统，请使用QuTiP。